人教版高一英語語法歸納總結(jié)

1、<p>　　高一英語語法歸納總結(jié)----定語從句的歸納</p><p><b>　　一．幾個基本概念</b></p><p>　　1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。</p><p>　　2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。</p><p>　　3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞（名詞或代詞）之后。

2、</p><p>　　4.引導詞：引導定語從句的詞（包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）。</p><p>　　﹙1﹚關(guān)系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as</p><p>　　﹙2﹚關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why</p><p>　　5.引導詞的位置：位于定語從句之前（先行詞之后）?！綼s除外】</p><p

3、>　　6.引導詞的功能（作用）：</p><p>　　﹙1﹚連接先行詞和定語從句。</p><p>　　﹙2﹚在定語從句中充當一定的成分（關(guān)系代詞充當主語或賓語，關(guān)系副詞充當狀語）。</p><p>　　7.定語從句的類型：</p><p>　　﹙1﹚限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間無逗號）。</p><p>

4、　?、?直接由引導詞引導定語從句</p><p>　　The man who you’re talking to is my friend. </p><p>　?、?由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導</p><p>　　The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.</p><p>　　

5、I need a pen with which I can write a letter.</p><p>　　=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.</p><p>　　介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定，該介詞通?？梢苑旁陉P(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：</p><p>　　The

6、man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from BeijingUniversity.</p><p>　　=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from BeijingUniversity.</p><p>　　The palace (which/that) I of

7、ten pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.</p><p>　　=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.</p><p>　　﹙2﹚非限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開）。</p><p>　　① 直

8、接由引導詞引導定語從句。</p><p>　?、?由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導。</p><p>　　I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.</p><p>　　There is an apple tree standing at the g

9、ate, on which are many apples.</p><p>　　This is the man to whom I gave the book.</p><p>　?、?由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指</p><p>　　人用whom,指物用which)引導。One, some

10、, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數(shù)詞、分數(shù)或百分比與of whom或of which連用。</p><p>　　He has five children, two of whom are abroad.</p><p>　　(比較：He has five children, and two of

11、them are abroad.)</p><p>　　We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.</p><p>　　(比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)</p><p>　　除why和that不能引導非限定性定

12、語從句外，其余引導詞都可以，用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區(qū)別。</p><p>　　1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。</p><p>　　2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補充說明先行詞的情況，翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。</p><p>　　The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly s

13、ent to hospital.</p><p>　?。俏还こ處煴缓芸焖屯t(yī)院，其腿部受了重傷）</p><p>　　The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital. </p><p>　?。俏煌炔渴芰酥貍墓こ處煴缓芸焖屯t(yī)院）</p><p>　　3

14、.在非限定性定語從句中，任何引導詞都不能省略（包括引導詞在此定語從句中充當賓語在內(nèi)）。指人做主語時只能用who, 做賓語時用whom; </p><p>　　指物做主語，賓語都用which; 關(guān)系副詞用when或where，也不能省略。</p><p>　　The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father.</p>&

15、lt;p>　　The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.</p><p>　　The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful.</p><p>　　He went to America, ______ his parents live.</p>&

16、lt;p>　　He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.</p><p>　　4.whose引導非限定性定語從句：</p><p>　　The house, whose window faces south, is mine.</p><p>　　=The house, the window of whi

17、ch faces south, is mine.</p><p>　?。絋he house, of which the window faces south, is mine.　</p><p>　　二.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法。</p><p>　　1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。</p>

18、;<p>　　Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?</p><p>　　2.whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的賓語（動賓或介賓）。</p><p>　　① 當作動賓（動詞后接賓語）時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。</p><p>　　Do you know

19、 the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?</p><p>　　② 當作介賓（介詞后接賓語）時：</p><p>　　介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；</p><p>　　介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞＋whom(指人時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom)。</p><p>　　The man

20、 (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.</p><p>　　The man with whom I spoke is my teacher. </p><p>　　※注：固定的動詞短語（動詞+介詞）如look for, take care of等不能把動詞與介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引導詞前。</p><p>　　Sh

21、e is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for. </p><p>　　3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當主語、賓語（動賓或介賓）即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了，whose不能省略。。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.<

22、;/p><p>　　I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. （主語）</p><p>　　He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （動賓）</p><p>　　The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介賓）

23、</p><p>　　4.which/that 指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語（動賓或介賓）。</p><p>　　① 當作動賓時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。</p><p><b>　?、?當作介賓時：</b></p><p>　　介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；</p><p>　　介詞提前時

24、，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞＋which(指物時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用which)。</p><p>　　The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak. </p><p>　　The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine. </p><p>　

25、　The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult. </p><p>　　The games in which the young men competed were difficult. </p><p>　　※注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom，指物用which)。<

26、/p><p>　　※5.as指人或物，在定語從句中可作主語，賓語，表語或狀語，不能省略。主要用于 “the same …as…；such …as…；so …as…；as … as…；as follows”固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，形式固定此時的引導限定性定語從句。要用as代替who(m), which, 或that引導定語從句：</p><p>　　Such people as knew Hill thou

27、ght he was honest.</p><p>　　Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.</p><p>　　My hometown is no longer the same as it was.</p><p>　　Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.

28、</p><p>　　The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).</p><p>　　I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.</p><p>　　He is not such a person as I expected.</p>

29、<p>　　He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.</p><p>　　※注：which和as可引導非限定性定語從句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，有時可以互換。因此，當as/which指代前面的整個句子，或前句中的部分內(nèi)容作定語從句的主語時，謂語用單數(shù)．</p>&

30、lt;p>　　Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.</p><p>　　She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.</p><p>　　He married her, as/which was natural.</p>

31、<p><b>　　區(qū)別： </b></p><p>　?、賏s引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中間或放在主句末尾；而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句后面。</p><p>　　He married her, as/which was natural. </p><p>　　=As was natura

32、l, he married her.</p><p>　　Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.</p><p>　　=As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer.</p><p>　　②as引導的從句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which則無此

33、意。常用句型有：</p><p>　　as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。如：</p><p>　　As we all know, paper was first made in Ch

34、ina.</p><p>　　To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.</p><p>　　③主句和從句有因果關(guān)系時，用which.</p><p>　　Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy. </

35、p><p>　　Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. </p><p>　　④從句含否定意義時常用which.</p><p>　　She didn’t pass the exam, which we couldn’t expect.</p><p>　　She didn’t pass

36、the exam, as we expected.</p><p>　　6.when關(guān)系副詞：指時間。在定語從句中作時間狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替換（此時先行詞一定是表時間的名詞）。</p><p>　　I still remember the time when I joined the League.</p><p>　?。絀 sti

37、ll remember the time on which I joined the League.</p><p>　?。絀 still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.</p><p>　　7.where關(guān)系副詞：指地點。在定語從句中作地點狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替換（此時先行詞一定

38、是表地點的名詞）。</p><p>　　I still remember the school where I joined the League.</p><p>　?。絀 still remember the school in which I joined the League.</p><p>　?。絀 still remember the school (

39、which/that) I joined the League in.</p><p>　　※注：對關(guān)系副詞when, where的認識。</p><p>　　①. 先行詞是時間的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞when引導定語從句。</p><p>　　I’ll never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing.&l

40、t;/p><p>　?、? 先行詞是地點的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞where引導定語從句。</p><p>　　This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday.</p><p>　?、? 當句型為It/This/That is(was) the first(second…last) time引起的句子時用that

41、連接其后的句子。此時的time是次數(shù)，不是時間。</p><p>　　It/This is the first time that we travel.</p><p>　　It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.</p><p>　　8. why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，先行詞通常為re

42、ason,不能省略。且why引導的定語從句只能是限定性定語從句。Why= for which</p><p>　　I don’t know the reason why he was late yesterday.</p><p>　　The reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus.</p>&l

43、t;p>　　※注：當先行詞為reason時，關(guān)系副詞并非都用why。</p><p>　　This is the reason (that/ which) he gave/ explained to us.</p><p>　　【判斷用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞】</p><p>　　從句缺少的是主語、賓語還是狀語是確定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵。試比較：<

44、/p><p>　　I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong. </p><p>　　( spent是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 )</p><p>　　I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to

45、its motherland. </p><p>　?。?從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞 ）</p><p>　　The reason （that/which）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn’t believable.</p><p>　　( gave是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此

46、用關(guān)系代詞或省略 )</p><p>　　The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday isn’t believable.</p><p>　　（ 從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞 ）</p><p>　　三. 值得注意的幾個問題：</p><p>　　第一. 當

47、先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用that的情況。</p><p>　　1.當先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時。</p><p>　　This is the best film that has been shown this year.</p><p>　　This is the first book (that) I borrow from

48、the library. </p><p>　　※He is the first student that/who came to school today.</p><p>　　2.當先行詞為兩個或兩個以上分別指人和物的名詞時。</p><p>　　He talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had

49、visited. </p><p>　　3.當先行詞本身是all的，用that。(all that=what)</p><p>　　All that (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.</p><p>　　=All (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.</p&

50、gt;<p>　　Go over all that (what) we learned. </p><p>　　=Go over all (what) we learned.（that在定語從句中充當賓語可以省略）</p><p>　　4.先行詞為something, anything, nothing, everything, thing時，用that. </p>

51、;<p>　　I’ll tell you anything (that) I know.</p><p>　　5.當先行詞前有all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next等修飾語時。</p><p>　　T

52、his is one of the books (that) I’m very interesting in.</p><p>　　※ This is one of the books in which I’m very interesting.</p><p>　　This is the only book (that) I read.</p><p>　　He

53、is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.</p><p>　　All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.</p><p>　　6.（人，物），當先行詞在以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句中時，用that引導以避免混淆．</p&

54、gt;<p>　　Who is the man that is talking with the lady?</p><p>　　Which of you that know the answer can come to the front?</p><p>　　7.當先行詞是在定語從句中作表語時，用that．</p><p>　　He likes t

55、he girl that she used to be.</p><p>　　第二. 當先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用which的情況。</p><p>　　1.作介賓且介詞置于引導詞之前時．</p><p>　　The room in which he lives is very large.</p><p>　　2.引

56、導非限定性定語從句時（主，賓都用which,　都不能省略）．</p><p>　　Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. </p><p>　　The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.</p><p&

57、gt;　　3.which指整個句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容，引導非限定性定語從句．</p><p>　　He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.</p><p>　　第三.　其他特殊情況．</p><p>　　1.先行詞是these, those指人時，關(guān)系代詞只用who.</p><p>　　Those

58、 who are playing over there are my students.</p><p>　　2.先行詞是人稱代詞(he, she…)時，關(guān)系代詞只用who.</p><p>　　He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.</p><p>　　3.不定代詞someone, anyone

59、, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行詞時，關(guān)系代詞用who.</p><p>　　Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.</p><p>　　4.①先行詞是the only one of +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用單數(shù)形式（因為此時的先行詞

60、是the only one,而不是of 后的可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)）．</p><p>　　He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.</p><p>　　This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.</p><p>　?、谙刃性~是one o

61、f +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用復數(shù)形式（因為此時的先行詞是of 后的可數(shù)名詞復數(shù),而不是one）．</p><p>　　This is one of the students who are late.</p><p>　　5.當主句缺先行詞時，用the one 代替，但須注意：the one只能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)．如為不可數(shù)名詞時，指什么用什么．</p&

62、gt;<p>　　Is this school the one I visited yesterday?</p><p>　　Is pop music the music he likes best?　</p><p>　　6. 當先行詞是the way,　在定語從句中充當方式狀語時（the way表＂以…方式／方法＂），引導詞通常用that或省略，也可用in which．　

63、</p><p>　　I don’t like the way (that) you speak.</p><p>　　=I don’t like the way in which you speak.</p><p>　　=I don’t like the way (which/that) you speak in.</p><p>　　【

64、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”十種情況】</p><p>　　在定語從句中，介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)是一種較為復雜的問題?，F(xiàn)就幾種常見的介詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)淺析如下：</p><p>　　1．介詞+which在定語從句中分別作時間、地點和原因狀語，代替相應的關(guān)系副詞when, where和why。如：I still remember the day on which (when) I first came

65、to school.我仍然記得初來學校的那一天。</p><p>　　The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工廠是一個大工廠。</p><p>　　This is the reason for which (=why) he was late.這就是他為什么遲到的原因。</p><p>　　2

66、．介詞+which（指物）/ whom（指人）在定語從句中作地點狀語，表示存在關(guān)系，定語從句主謂一般要倒置。</p><p>　　They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.他來到一處農(nóng)舍，前邊坐著一個小男孩。</p><p>　　I saw a man, on the head of whom stood

67、a bird.我看見一個人，他的頭上站著一只鳥。</p><p>　　3．介詞+ which（指物）/ whom（指人）在定語從句中作目的、方式或地點狀語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞一般受動詞或介詞后的名詞所制約。如：</p><p>　　Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰買的嗎？</p>&l

68、t;p>　　The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.這人是一位工程師，我是從他那里得到這消息的。</p><p>　　4．介詞+which/whom，用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)的定語從句中，作狀語，說明動作的出發(fā)者。如：</p><p>　　The wolf by which the sheep was killed was sh

69、ot.傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。</p><p>　　The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是個好獵手。</p><p>　　5．不定代詞+of+which/whom，在定語從句中作主語，說明整體中的部分，常用的不定代詞有：both, all, any, some, each, none, most等。如：<

70、/p><p>　　There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.這兒有許多書，可一本也不屬于我。</p><p>　　Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.昨天瑪麗買了一些衣服，他們都很貴。</p><p>

71、　　6．數(shù)詞+of+which/whom，在定語從句中作主語，說明整體與部分的關(guān)系。數(shù)詞可以是基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分數(shù)或百分數(shù)。如：</p><p>　　In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty-five of whom are girls.我們班有54名學生，25人是女生。</p><p>　　Two watches were st

72、olen, one of which was mine.兩只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。</p><p>　　7．名詞+of+which代替whose+名詞，在定語從句中作定語。如：</p><p>　　I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves) were black with disease.我看見一些樹，他們的葉子因害病而

73、發(fā)黑。</p><p>　　I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。</p><p>　　8．介詞+ which（指物）/ whose（指人）修飾后邊的名詞。如：</p><p>　　It rained all night and all day, during wh

74、ich time the ship was broken into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。</p><p>　　The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機就是那個人，她從他的房間偷走地圖。</p><p>　　9．形容詞最高級+of+which/whom結(jié)構(gòu)，在定語從句中，

75、作定語，表部分關(guān)系。如：</p><p>　　China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中國有成千上萬個島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣島。</p><p>　　In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.我們班有20名女生

76、，最聰明的是李華。</p><p>　　10．介詞+which+不定式。此種用法多見于正式文體中，相當于一個定語從句。如：</p><p>　　At last he had something about which to write home.他終于有了給家里寫信的內(nèi)容了。</p><p>　　He had no key with which to open th

77、e door.他沒有開門的鑰匙。</p><p>　　He has a small room in which to live.</p><p>　　【運用定語從句時應注意的幾個問題】</p><p>　　1． 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句的謂語動詞應和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。</p><p>　　This is one of t

78、he books which were written by Mark Twain.這是馬克吐溫所寫的書中的一本。（先行詞是books，因此動詞應用were。）</p><p>　　2． 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當一個句子成分，因此要注意避免從句中句子成分的重復出現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　This is the most beautiful place that I have visi

79、ted it.</p><p>　　This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 這是我參觀過的最美的地方。（去掉it，因that代替先行詞the most beautiful place在定語從句中作visit的賓語，再加it就多余了。） </p><p>　　The school where I worked there i

80、s a big one.</p><p>　　The school where I worked is a big one.我所工作過的學校是一所大學校。（去掉there，因where既引導定語從句，又在從句中代替in the school作狀語。）</p><p>　　3． 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時不可省略。</p><p>　　The books were

81、on the table were given to you.</p><p>　　The books that were on the table were given to you.桌上的那些書是給你的。（關(guān)系代詞that作主語不能?。?lt;/p><p>　　4． “one of the +復數(shù)名詞”后的定語從句中謂語動詞的單復數(shù)情況。</p><p>　　“on

82、e of the +復數(shù)名詞”時，復數(shù)名詞是先行詞，所以謂語動詞常用復數(shù)形式。如果“one of the +復數(shù)名詞”前面有the very /only等修飾語，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，因為先行詞是，而不是復數(shù)名詞。如：</p><p>　　He is the only one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我們班唯一說日語的學生。（the o

83、nly one是先行詞）</p><p>　　He is one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我們班里說日語的學生之一。（students是先行詞）</p><p>　　5． 定語從句中who和whom的選用。</p><p>　　關(guān)系代詞who/whom引導定語從句時，作主語用主格who，作

84、賓語用賓格whom。在其引導的定語從句帶有插入語，而又不用逗號分開時，要用who。</p><p>　　Mary is a girl who I think is clever.</p><p>　　在定語從句who I think is clever中, I think是插入語，去掉后Mary is a girl who is clever是一個完整的句子，who是定語從句的主語，不能用

85、whom替換。但下面的句子，情況就不同了：</p><p>　　Mary is a girl whom I think to be clever.在定語從句whom I think to be clever中，如把I think看作插入語而去掉，則剩下的部分Mary is a girl whom to be clever很明顯不是一個完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，所以I think不能被看作是插入語，而是定語從句在的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，

86、whom作think的賓語，to be clever是whom的賓補。</p><p>　　6． 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選擇取決于它們在從句中所充當?shù)木渥映煞帧Ｈ缱髦髡Z和賓語用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語，用關(guān)系副詞。</p><p>　　I’ll never forget the day when I went abroad myself.（when在從句中代替時間狀語on the day，

87、此句可分解為I’ll never forget the day. I went abroad myself on the day.）</p><p>　　I’ll never forget the days that we spent together.（that代替the days，在從句中作spent的賓語，該句可分解為I’ll never forget the days. We spent the days

88、 together.）</p><p>　　高一英語必修一語法要點</p><p><b>　　一． 一般現(xiàn)在時</b></p><p>　　1. 表示主語現(xiàn)在所處的狀態(tài)及其所具備的特征、性格、能力等</p><p>　　例如：I am a girl.</p><p>　　2. 表示習慣性、經(jīng)常性

89、的動作</p><p>　　例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.</p><p><b>　　3. 標志性的詞語</b></p><p>　　Always often sometimes now and then </p><p>　　4. 若助于為第三人稱單數(shù)（he she it）則動詞要

90、用單三現(xiàn)</p><p><b>　　二． 現(xiàn)在進行時</b></p><p>　　1． 說話時正在進行的動作</p><p>　　例如：I am reading.</p><p>　　2.表示即將發(fā)生的動作，多用于go come start leave return arrive stay fly等詞語之中，句子中常

91、常有時間狀語</p><p>　　例如：The plane is going to Beijing.</p><p>　　3.當句子中出現(xiàn)了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、</p><p>　　All the time等</p><p>　　例如：I am always thinking o

92、f you.</p><p><b>　　三． 倍數(shù)比較</b></p><p>　　1.A+系動詞+倍數(shù)詞+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B</p><p>　　例如：The class is twice as big as that one.</p><p>　　2.A+系動詞+倍數(shù)詞+adj\adv的比較級

93、+than+B</p><p>　　例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.</p><p>　　3.A+系動詞+倍數(shù)詞+the size\amount(數(shù)量)\ength\width\height</p><p>　　\depth\+of+B</p><p>　　例如：The class i

94、s twice the size of that class.</p><p>　　四． With的復合結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　1． With+賓語+賓語補足語</p><p>　　賓語補足語根據(jù)邏輯意義的不同可以是不同的詞語，如形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式等，with在復合結(jié)構(gòu)中常作狀語</p><p><b&

95、gt;　　2.常用結(jié)構(gòu)</b></p><p>　　○1with+賓語+doing</p><p><b>　　表主動與進行</b></p><p>　　例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.</p><p>　　○2with+賓語+done&

96、lt;/p><p><b>　　表被動與完成</b></p><p>　　例如：With all things she need bought,she went home.</p><p>　　○3with+賓語+to do</p><p><b>　　表將來</b></p><p&

97、gt;　　例如：With so many thing to deal with.</p><p>　　五． 現(xiàn)在完成進行時</p><p><b>　　現(xiàn)在完成進行時</b></p><p>　　1．基本表達式（I have been doing ） </p><p>　　I/ we/ you/ they have be

98、en doing sth. </p><p>　　he/ she/ it has been doing sth. </p><p>　　2．表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，并且還將持續(xù)下去。 </p><p>　　The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. </p>&l

99、t;p>　　中國有2000年的造紙歷史。（動作還將繼續(xù)下去） </p><p>　　I have been learning English since three years ago. </p><p>　　自從三年前以來我一直在學英語。（動作還將繼續(xù)下去） </p><p>　　3．表示在說話時刻之前到現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。 </p><

100、p>　　We have been waiting for you for half an hour. </p><p>　　我們已經(jīng)等你半個鐘頭了(人還沒到，如同在電話里說的，還會繼續(xù)等) </p><p>　　4．有些現(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子等同的句子。 </p><p>　　例如：They have been living in this city for t

101、en years. </p><p>　　They have lived in this city for ten years. </p><p>　　他們在這個城市已經(jīng)住了10年了。 </p><p>　　I have been working here for five years. </p><p>　　I have worked he

102、re for five years. </p><p>　　我在這里已經(jīng)工作五年了。 </p><p>　　5．大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子。 </p><p>　　例如：I have been writing a book.（動作還將繼續(xù)下去） </p><p>　　我一直在寫一本書。 </p><

103、p>　　I have written a book.（動作已經(jīng)完成） </p><p>　　我已經(jīng)寫了一本書。 </p><p>　　They have been building a bridge. </p><p>　　他們一直在造一座橋。 </p><p>　　They have built a bridge. </p>

104、;<p><b>　　他們造了一座橋。 </b></p><p>　　6．表示狀態(tài)的動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 </p><p>　　例如：I have known him for years. </p><p>　　我認識他已經(jīng)好幾年了。 </p><p>　　I have been knowing..

105、. </p><p>　　這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時的動詞還有：love愛，like喜歡， hate討厭，等。 </p><p>　　注意：比較過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時</p><p>　　1．過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。 </p><p>　　2．過

106、去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。 </p><p>　　一般過去時的時間狀語: </p><p>　　yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語 </p><p><b>　　共同的時間狀語: </b></

107、p><p>　　this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately </p><p>　　現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語 </p><p>　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now,

108、 in past years, always, </p><p><b>　　不確定的時間狀語 </b></p><p>　　3．現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. </p><p>　　過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leav

109、e, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 </p><p>　　例如： I saw this film yesterday. </p><p>　　（強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。） </p><p>　　I have seen this film. </p><p>　?。◤娬{(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容

110、已經(jīng)知道了。） </p><p>　　Why did you get up so early? </p><p>　?。◤娬{(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。） </p><p>　　Who hasn't handed in his paper? </p><p>　?。◤娬{(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。） </p><p>

111、　　She has returned from Paris. </p><p>　　她已從巴黎回來了。 </p><p>　　She returned yesterday. </p><p><b>　　她是昨天回來了。 </b></p><p>　　He has been in the League for three

112、 years. </p><p>　　(在團內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) </p><p>　　He has been a League member for three years. </p><p>　　(是團員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) </p><p>　　He joined the League three years ago. </p>&

113、lt;p>　　( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。) </p><p>　　I have finished my homework now. </p><p>　　---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? </p><p>　　---He's already been sent for. </p>